What is cancer?
According to the World Health Organization, cancer is the collective term for all malignant neoplasms—that is, tumors capable of multiplying and metastasizing to other parts of the body. These tumors can affect various organs and tissues, giving rise to various types of cancer.
Read more about what cancer is, the characteristics of malignant tumors, how they develop, and the associated risk factors.
Cancer and tumor: Are they synonyms?
Both terms are related, but they mean different things.
A tumor is an abnormal growth of cells in any tissue of the body. Within this group, we can identify:
- Benign tumors: these are tumors that do not spread to other parts of the body, grow more slowly, and can generally be removed through surgery;
- Malignant tumors: these are tumors that can multiply and metastasize to other parts of the body, potentially invading adjacent tissues and organs. These malignant cells are cancerous.
The term “cancer” is broader and refers to oncological disease. In other words, not all tumors are cancerous, but all types of cancer are associated with malignant tumors.
What types of oncological diseases exist?
Currently, more than 100 types of cancer have been identified, classified according to:
- the organ or tissue in which they originate—for example, lung cancer begins in lung cells;
- the type of cells from which they form, for example:
- carcinomas consist of epithelial cells (cells that make up the main tissues of the human body);
- sarcomas form from bone or soft tissues (muscles, blood vessels, fibrous or adipose tissue);
- lymphomas originate in lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell);
- leukemia originates in the cells found in the bone marrow;
- multiple myeloma originates in plasma cells (cells specialized in producing antibodies);
- melanoma develops from melanocytes (skin cells that produce melanin—the skin’s pigment).
Thus, depending on its origin, a cancer is given a different name. And within each category, there are several types, each with a distinct prognosis and treatment.
Learn more about the role of oncology in the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer, as well as the technological and scientific advances that are shaping the future of this important field of medicine.
What are the most common types of cancer?
In 2022, there were an estimated 66,000 new cases of cancer in Portugal, according to the OECD report: “Portugal: Country Health Profile 2023.” The most common types of cancer among women are:
- breast cancer (31%);
- colorectal cancer (14%);
- thyroid cancer (7%).
On the other hand, the male population has a higher incidence of:
- prostate cancer (21%);
- colorectal cancer (17%);
- lung cancer (12%).
How to cope with cancer?
In Portugal, cancer remains a challenge for public health, both due to its incidence and mortality rates and because of the specific factors that impact not only the individual but also their family and caregivers.
Each patient is a unique case, a one-of-a-kind individual, and must therefore be treated according to these specific circumstances. Thus, it is up to healthcare professionals to determine the best approach and to ensure the early detection of cancer.
Mental health is also an important issue for the patient, who should have access to psychological and emotional support throughout treatment.
The Rights of Cancer Patients
Cancer has a huge impact on the lives of patients and their families, with physical, psychological, economic, and occupational consequences.
For this reason, the law establishes a set of rights and benefits designed to support and protect patients throughout their cancer journey.
Multi-Purpose Medical Certificate of Disability
The Multipurpose Medical Certificate of Disability is a document that certifies a patient’s degree of physical or mental disability, whether permanent or temporary. It is required to access the rights and benefits that the law provides to cancer patients.
You can request this document at the Health Center in your area of residence by submitting a request for a disability evaluation addressed to the chair of the medical board.
You must attach the medical reports and test results supporting your request to the application, which is approved under Law No. 14/2021 of April 6.
Assistive Devices
Wheelchairs, hair prostheses, and other assistive devices may be subsidized, as provided by law.
For more information: Social Security – Assistive Devices.
Exemption from User Fees
Since June 2022, copayments are no longer charged for most services provided by the National Health Service (SNS).
Cancer patients with a disability rating of 60% or higher are exempt from paying any copayment; to qualify, they must obtain the Multi-Purpose Medical Disability Certificate.
For more information: Health Regulatory Authority.
Medication Copayments
Within the SNS, medication for the treatment of cancer is provided to patients free of charge, both during hospitalization and in outpatient care. As for other medications, they can be purchased at pharmacies, and cancer patients have access to a special co-payment program.
For more information: National Health Service (SNS) – Special Programs.
Social Benefit for Inclusion
This benefit is granted to Portuguese citizens, foreign nationals, refugees, and stateless persons who have a condition resulting in a degree of disability of 60% or higher, as certified by a Multipurpose Medical Certificate of Disability.
The benefit must be applied for through Segurança Social Direta by filling out a form.
For more information: Social Security – Social Benefit for Inclusion.
More Information
For more information about your rights and benefits as a cancer patient, you can consult the “Guide to the General Rights of Cancer Patients,” available on the Portuguese League Against Cancer’s website.
How to Prevent Cancer?
The fight against cancer begins with prevention. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 30% to 50% of cancer deaths could be prevented. In other words, by changing habits and lifestyles that constitute risk factors for the development of cancer.
Among the main risk factors are tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, poor diet, unprotected sun exposure, and a lack of regular physical activity. Although most cancers are sporadic, in about 10% of cases, the development of cancer is related to certain genetic changes inherited from parents; therefore, knowing your risk of developing cancer is essential for its prevention and early detection. A family history of cancer and/or the onset of cancer at a young age may suggest a genetic predisposition; therefore, you should seek a genetic counseling consultation, available at the Germano de Sousa Laboratory Medicine Center.
The Importance of Early Diagnosis
In addition to prevention, early diagnosis is essential. Undergoing regular screenings and being alert to signs and symptoms can increase the chances of effective treatment and a cure.
Screening Tests
It is recommended to undergo screening tests such as:
- Mammogram: For early detection of breast cancer.
- Pap smear: For the detection of precancerous changes and cervical cancer.
- Colonoscopy: For the detection of colorectal cancer.
Signs and Symptoms
Being alert to symptoms such as unexplained weight loss, persistent fatigue, skin changes, and lumps can help with early detection. If you notice any changes, see a doctor immediately.
Support at Germano de Sousa
At Germano de Sousa, we are a national leader in Clinical Pathology and Clinical Laboratory Services. We are equipped to provide all the necessary support for the early diagnosis and treatment of cancer. We are here to support you every step of the way, offering excellent services and information to help you lead a healthier life.
Available Services
If you’d like to undergo a test—whether as a precaution or on a doctor’s recommendation—please contact our Collection Points. We’re committed to providing quality care and supporting you on your health journey.
If you have any questions, please contact us.
We'll be happy to help.
CLINICAL PATHOLOGY LABORATORY
